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A. B. Gupta ¹, B. Haldar ²

Affiliations
1 Senior Lecturer, Indian Statistical Institute, Calcutta, IN
2 Clinical Tutor, Department of Dermatology, Calcutta National Medical College, IN

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A. B. Gupta ¹, B. Haldar ²

Affiliations
1 Physics Unit, Physical and Earth Sciences Division, Indian Statistical Institute, Calcutta-35, IN
2 Department of Dermatology, Calcutta National Medical College, Calcutta 14, and Honorary Tutor in Dermatology, Calcutta University, IN

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A. B. Gupta ¹, B. Haldar ²

Affiliations
1 Indian Statistical Institute, Calcutta 35, IN
2 Calcutta National Medical College,University College of Medicine, Calcutta University, Calcutta, IN

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Dinesh Kumar ¹, Neha Tyagi ¹, A. B. Gupta ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Civil Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur-302 017, Rajasthan, IN

Abstract

Water quality of drinking water sources and the distribution system of MNIT, Jaipur campus was comprehensively studied for physical, chemical and bacteriological parameters as some incidences were reported related to waterborne diseases. The results showed that all physical and chemical parameters were within the limits but the biological parameters deviated from the prescribed standards of the BIS: 10500. Bacteriological analysis was carried out using Colilert18 and cross checked by the standard pour plate method. Results obtained after pour plating method showed the presence of 33% Serratia, 33% Citrobacter, 18% Klebsiella, and 18% Enterobacter among the pathogens analysed in the most contaminated sample obtained from a residential apartment of the campus. Presence of high level of bacterial count in drinking water indicates the contamination of drinking water distribution system by sewage. In light of these findings, appropriate remedial measures were taken by the authorities supplying water to the campus in terms of cleaning of sewer lines and refurbishing of tube wells followed by regular disinfection of drinking supplies. After the refurbishment, bacteriological test results of water samples collected from various locations covering the entire campus revealed complete absence of coliforms representing a good quality of water.

Keywords

MNIT, Jaipur, Water Quality Analysis, Waterborne Diseases, Bacteriological Analysis, Pour Plating Method, Colilert18.

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Prateek Pachauri ¹, Rajendra Falwariya ¹, Sangeeta Vyas ², Monika Maheshwari ¹, Raj K. Vyas ¹, A. B. Gupta ³

Affiliations
1 Department of Chemical Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur-302 017, IN
2 Department of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Management and Gramothan, Jaipur-302 025, IN
3 Department of Civil Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur-302 017, IN

Abstract

Antibiotics disposed into wastewater reach wastewater treatment plants and surface waters and act as micro-pollutants. As antibiotics pose various problems related to treatment and reuse, it is imperative to remove them from wastewater. In the present paper, adsorption studies have been carried out for removal of amoxicillin using powdered activated carbon (PAC) in a batch mode and granular activated carbon (GAC) in a continuous packed bed column. Removal of antibiotics has also been made using oxidation by H₂O₂. The techniques used for detection of antibiotics require elaborate analytical instrumentation. Being inexpensive and simple technique, monitoring of concentration during removal has been made using COD determination in the present work. It has been found that concentration of amoxicillin has a straight line relationship with COD. Batch adsorption using PAC shows that a maximum of 70% removal can be obtained for a 200 mg/L solution of amoxicillin using a dose of 600 mg/L of PAC. Maximum removal of 60% was obtained for a concentration of 200 mg/L of amoxicillin with a constant dose of 500 mg/L of PAC. In continuous packed bed adsorption using GAC, 90% COD removal was obtained at saturation. A maximum removal of 80% is obtained at a concentration of 200 mg/L of amoxicillin and 24.2% at 1000 mg/L through GAC column. Furthermore, oxidation removes a maximum of 90% COD using a dose 441 mM/L of H₂O₂ (30% w/v). Removal of COD increases from 10% to 60% on increasing dose of H₂O₂ from 44 mM/L to 220 mM/L. Considering removal efficiency, both oxidation and adsorption techniques have their advantages and limitations. Nevertheless, adsorption using activated carbon and oxidation using H₂O₂ provide simple and satisfactory methods to remove antibiotics from wastewater.

Keywords

Amoxicillin Removal, Antibiotics, Activated Carbon, Wastewater, Adsorption, Hydrogen Peroxide.

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Siddharth K. Sharma ¹, A. B. Gupta ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Civil and Environment Engineering, Malviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur-302 017, Rajasthan, IN

Abstract

The study was primarily initiated to explore possibility of chemical transformation of NOx to nitrates and get adsorbed onto the fine particle surfaces based on secondary data from various sources. This required manipulations of secondary data to find correlations between PM, PM-nitrates and NOx. Data were downloaded from EPA's website (Environmental Protection Agency, USA; www.epa.gov), which include 24 hours PM₁₀, PM_2.5, PM₁ and NOx concentrations. The corresponding PM-nitrate concentrations were obtained by manipulations made on various graphs of ambient particulate composition. Subsequently, coefficients of correlation among various parameters were calculated. It was observed that stronger correlations are obtained between PM-nitrates and NOx as size of particle is decreased. A similar trend was observed during an air quality monitoring exercise in Delhi. The ambient interactions between PM and NOx further imply that ambient NOx values obtained during air pollution monitoring are superficial and, thus, there is a need to revise the existing PM-NOx standards. From the health point of view, the synergistic interactions between PM and NOx have more deleterious effect on human health than NOx alone.

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